Strategic Decision-Making

â€Å"Rational decision-making is an impossible ideal in strategy formulation and implementation due to incomplete information and organisational politics. † Strategy is formulated and implemented by organisations as a means of gaining competitive advantage and achieving organisational success. Frequent fast, widely supported, and high quality strategic decisions are the cornerstone of effective strategy (Eisenhardt, 1999 in Clegg et. Al, 2012). In today's world of borderless business, ever-evolving technology and rapid change, can these decisions be made rationally?Currently there are three main decision-making paradigms in the literature – rational decision-making, political decision-making and the garbage can model. Each paradigm frames the decision-making process differently and each will be discussed in turn in this essay. It will then be concluded that while rational decision-making is possible, it is only boundedly so due to incomplete information confounded by t he limitations of human cognition, particularly in the fast-paced business world of today.Furthermore, while people can be individually rational, collectively this is not the case (Eisenhardt ; Zbaracki, 1992) – as organisations are political systems, politics and power are often central to decision-making in the formulation and implementation of strategy. Rational decision-making Model According to the rational decision making model, clear goals and objectives are first identified and listed in order of importance. All the alternative courses of action associated with each objective are then identified and the consequences of each action are established.Consequences are assessed against the values and objectives pursued, with the course of action that best maximises these values being the one that is chosen. This logical step-by-step approach suggests that the outcome will be maximised. It also assumes the decision maker has complete knowledge of not only all possible altern atives, but also their consequences. For strategists who subscribe to this model of decision making, the organisation is seen as a rational bureaucracy where strategic planning is conducted by top management and organisational structure follows.This prescriptive view of decision-making has scientific principles at its core as decision makers are thought to be accurate and objective. Research, however, has shown that the decision-making process used by managers is not as straightforward or linear in nature. In fact, the assumptions underpinning the theory of omniscient rationality, while ‘strikingly simple and beautiful' (Simon, 1978), are fundamentally flawed. Although such an approach to strategy formulation may appear ideal in theory, it cannot be practised except for with relatively simple problems (Linblom, 1959).Limits of the cognitive capacity of humans, and on available information set definite limits on a manager's ability to be fully rational. In addition to this, oth er members of the organisation may disagree with the decision makers choice leading to power plays and politics. Whilst strategic decisions then, fall short of omniscience, they are not necessarily irrational. Rather, they are, and can only ever be, a bounded rationality. Cognitive biases of managers limit the applicability of the rational decision-making approach (Santos & Garcia, 2006).The organisational situation is framed by the decision makers who perceive an approximate model of the circumstances, choosing from a limited list of subjective alternatives. Some choices are given weight and others are relegated to the background, thus large segments of reality are out of focus (Feehan, 2013). Simon (1956) recognising the limits of comprehensive rationality, posited the concept of ‘satisficing', that members will choose the first alternative that is deemed to adequately meet the organisation's objectives rather than taking the time to survey all possible alternatives and find ing the optimal choice.This satisficing alternative will meet the minimal satisfactory requirements. Linblom's ‘Muddling Through' theory (1959) was one of the first to recognise the role of politics in strategic decision-making. Linblom refers to the comprehensive rational model mentioned above, as a ‘root' approach to decision-making where the process begins with the fundamentals, always starting from the ground up. This means-end analysis requires that values are clarified in advance of examining alternatives. He posits a ‘branch method' of incremental comparisons as a more suitable method for complex problems.Here, the decision-making process begins in the current situation, building out with incremental changes. Lindblom argues that the organisation and individuals may hold conflicting values which only become clear after the fact. A good outcome is therefore, not the optimal one but one that is agreed upon by all players. These theories highlight both the limi ts of rationality and the importance of context in strategic decision-making. Unlike many other decisions, strategic decisions are made in an organisational context where the reaction of the players affects the outcome.This view of organisations not as rational optimisers but ‘satisficers' resonates with the author's experiences. Having owned my own business I understand due to time constraints, working memory limits and finite funding levels, it is not possible to make decisions in a perfectly rational fashion. There will always be alternatives you (the organisation) had not considered, preferences you have that may be conflicting, and choices that cannot be made due to disagreements among stakeholders.This is not to say that the strategic decisions cannot be rational – they can but only boundedly so. It is important, in my view, to approach these significant and complex decisions in a systematic manner when possible. However in a dynamic world, where business is borde rless and technology is advancing at an ever increasing rate, I would question the utility of this approach. Context is key. Political decision-making model The political model of decision-making presents a compelling case against the possibility of perfect rationality in strategy formation and implementation.In fact, according to Clegg (2012, p. 267) the biggest enemy of rationality is the power and politics that are inscribed in every organisational decision. The division of an organisation into separate departments, encourages political activity between them as they compete for scarce resources (Pettigrew, 1973). Coalitions are formed around a perceived affinity of interests, with the ultimate aim being to accrue enough power to influence the decision-making process. It is out of this struggle for power that decisions emerge.Strategic decisions are particularly likely to stimulate political actions because they are complex, significant, and subject to uncertainty. There may be mu ch to gain/lose for each of the players from both a material and reputational point of view (Child, Elbanna ; Rodrigues, 2010). Take for example, an organisation such as a hospital. It is pluralistic in nature, often experiencing conflict between departments, staff subcultures and rifts between administrative staff and departments.Imagine as part of a cost containment strategy, it is decided after rational analysis, that the optimal alternative is to reduce wage costs by 20%. The highly paid consultants and lower paid floor staff will be pitted against each other, each protecting their own self-interests. The cost cutting strategy may have to be adapted in order to appease the players. As this example conveys, it is out of differences in self-interests that conflict rises (Eisenhardt ; Zbaracki, 1992). Research has consistently found organisational decision-making to be political in nature.A study of nine international corporations found that they were political systems comprised of a myriad of coalitions and groups (Quinn,1980 in Child et. al 2010). Pettigrew (1972) observed a scenario where established computer analysts conflicted with a newer team of analysts over which IT system their company should invest in. A member of the established coalition of analysts acted as gatekeeper, using his role to control the flow of information to top management whilst communicating negatively about his opponents ideas at the same time.This resulted in management deciding to take his advice. Another often cited example of the political decision-making model the Cuban Missile Crisis (Clegg et al 2011; Child et al 2010). Garbage Can Model The garbage can model of decision making offers an alternative insight into strategic decision-making in organisations. Here, the organisation is described as a loose collection of already-made solutions, waiting for new decision opportunities to be applied. Contrary to the assumptions of the rational model, decision making in these organi sed anarchies is not an orderly, linear process.The ambiguity is due to the radical instability of three premises – preferences, technology (know-how, techniques ; equipment) and participation. Decision-making occurs when the right problem arises and the right people are receptive to it's solution. These variables are coupled temporally, by chance, rather than consequentially by rational calculation (Rainey, Ronquillo & Avellaneda, 2010). The garbage can model differs from the rational and political models as it conveys the role of chance in the decision-making process.Decisions are not arrived at through boundedly rational analysis, nor are they negotiated by the interactions of coalitions. Instead, they are the random result of the convergence of problems and solutions at a particular point in time. This is not to say that this model is intended to replace rational decision-making, rather it's purpose is to supplement it (Rainey et. al 2010). Not all decision making situati ons are organised chaos, neither are they all rational. Many organisations in the public sector serve as examples of the garbage can model of decision-making.Many policy-making decisions for example, are imprecise and vague in nature with no defined goals attached. Participants in the public sector decision making process are prone to change – board members, consultants and even governmental parties are likely to change during the course of the decision-making process. Rational decision-making then, is problematic for making the predictions about the future preferences and consequences when formulating strategy. The human cognitive system will simply not allow us to consider all possible alternative solutions to any given problem.This assertion highlights the importance of brainstorming and group work in order to generate possible alternatives that we, ourselves, may not have thought of. Even taking this into account however, it is doubtful that an exhaustive list of all even tualities would be arrived at. Groupthink and politics are also likely to factor into the equation. Furthermore, even if rational decision-making were possible, it may not be even be the ideal. It does not allow for the input of emotional intelligence and ethical considerations which are often required in the decision-making process.How then can the business of today ensure they are making adequate decisions when formulating and implementing strategy? Organisational learning has been posited as an alternative view to organisations as decision-makers. Organisations are seen as learning by encoding inferences from experiences which are then used to direct behaviour (Levitt ; March, 1988). Organisations adapt to changes in the environment, storing data in it's repository to be drawn on later. References Clegg, S. , Carter, C. , Kornberger, M. amp; Schweitzer, J. (2011) Strategy: Theory & Practice. London : Sage. Child, J. Elbanna, S. & Rodrigues, S. . (2010). The Political Aspects of S trategic Decision Making. In: Nutt, P. C. & Wilson, D. C. Handbook of Decision Making. Sussex: Wiley. 105-138. Eisenhardt, K. M. & Zbaracki, M. J. (1992). Strategic Decision-making. Strategic Management Journal 13, pp. 17-37. Feehan, M. (2013) Organisation & Strategy Slides. IPA Moodle. Accessed on 21/01/2013. Levitt, B. & March, J.G. (1988). Organizational Learning Annual Review of Sociology. 14, pp. 319-340 Linblom, C. E. (1959). ‘The Science of Muddling Through. ‘ Public Administration Review 19 , 2. pp. 79-88. Pettigrew, A. M. (1973) The Politics of Organizational Decision Making. London: Tavistock Pettigrew, A. M. (1972) Information control as a power resource, Sociology, 6, 187–204. Santos, M.. V & Garcia, M. T. (2006) Managers’ opinions:reality or fiction. A narrative approach. Management Decision 44, 6. pp 752-770.

What It Is Called Legitimate Knowledge for Clones

What it is called legitimate knowledge for clones. An educational institution is a form of institution that is used to educate people. Educational institutions are essential for society to produce knowledge people (workers). Schools are designed to produce limitless knowledge in every aspect of life. However, the â€Å"men† behind schools tend to be selective in producing knowledge and constructing ideas. This paper intends to give an explanation of how schools can be hazardous by using concepts of Stuart Hall in his book, Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, and Michael W.Apple and Nancy R. King in the article of â€Å"What Do Schools Teach†. These concepts applied to the hailsham case in the novel of Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro to indicate that an educational institution like hailsham can be harmful due to the controlling and manipulating information for other purpose so that it generates what it is called legitimate knowledge for t he clones. Hailsham is the sole source in constructing inhumane ideas to the students that reflect their destiny as donors and perceived a short life.In the novel of Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro, students are taught that they are destined to be donors, and after the fourth donation their short life is granted. According to Stuart Hall in Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, he brings up a topic about discourse, power and knowledge, which created by Michel Foucault. Hall believes that in Foucault’s theory of discourse can be define as â€Å"’how human beings understand themselves in our culture’ and how our knowledge about ‘the social, the embodied individual and share meanings† (Hall 43).In other words, hall stated Foucault’s idea about discourse as how people discuss or understand the idea of things in certain society. Hall also stated Foucault’s idea about only certain social institutions, such as s chool, have the power to construct meaning, create truth or knowledge about things among society. That is to say that school is one of the sources that plays an important role in shaping students understanding of something.Therefore, being the sole sources that creates ideas on people’s mind, telling them to be donors and have a short live is not a pleasant idea to be embedded in people’s minds. Beside the concept above, Educational institutions can be harmful due to the knowledge control. According to Michael W. Apple and Nancy R. King, â€Å"the study of educational knowledge is a study in ideology, the investigation of what is considered legitimate knowledge (be it knowledge of the logical type of â€Å"that,† â€Å"how† or â€Å"to†) by specific social groups and classes, in specific institutions, at specific historical moments.It is, further, a critically oriented form of investigation, in that it chooses to focus on how this knowledge, as di stributed in schools, may contribute to a cognitive and dispositional development that strengthens or reinforces existing (and often problematic) institutional arrangements in society† (Apple and King 342). To simplify, the available knowledge and the hidden knowledge are being selected to be presented to students as proper knowledge, base on the ideology at a certain society at a time.Thus, educational institution can be defective due to the knowledge validity. According to the paragraph above, institutions control what can and cannot be presented. This theory can also be applied in the novel of never let me go. According to the book Miss Emily said that â€Å"We had run hailsham for many years, we had a sense of what could work, hat was best for the students in the long run, beyond hailsham. Lucy Wainright was idealistic, nothing wrong with that. But she had no graspof practicalities.You see, we were able to give you something, something which even now no one will ever take from you, and we were able to do that principally by sheltering you. Hailsham would not have been hailsham if we hadn’t. Very well, sometimes that meant we kept things from you, lied to you. Yes in many ways we fooled you (Ishiguro 268). In other words, hailsham and its people is trying to hide the latent facts in order to protect children and for the continuity of the school itself. Therefore, institutions can be harmful in terms of controlling knowledge and information.Another concept is that the basic function of schools or educational institutions is that schools should prepare students in terms of life skills to be able to do well in life. According to Michael W. Apple and Nancy R. King, â€Å"schools seem by and large, to do what they are supposed to do, at least in terms of roughly providing dispositions and propensities â€Å"functional† in later life in a complex and stratified social and economic order† (Apple and King 341). To clarify, Apple and king believe that schools have their own function to prepare students in the real life.The last concept above is inversely reflected with the case of Never Let Me Go novel. In the novel, Kathy H as the narrator show the readers that in hailsham student do not get sufficient knowledge about life. Most of the time in hailsham, they only do painting and philosophies. Guardians or teachers do not teach them life skills. In the novel, Kathy H, as the narrator told us that â€Å"looking back now, I can see we were pretty confused about this whole area about sex, that’s hardly surprising, I suppose, given we were barely sixteen.But what added to the confusion-I can see it more clearly now-was the fact that the guardians were themselves confused† (Ishiguro 95). This is the evidence that students do not get educated about sex sufficiently. Another example is when Kathy H said that â€Å"there was incidentally , Something I noticed about this veteran couples at the cottages-somethi ng Ruth, for all her close study of them, failed to spot-and this was how so many of their mannerisms were copied from the television† (Ishiguro 120).In other words, Kathy observes that their seniors are copying certain behaviors that are depicted from the movies in order to reflecting a normal person in life. This case shows that students are lack of understanding of the world until they have moved from hailsham. Educational institutions such as hailsham can be hazardous due to the production of knowledge that is designed to keep students from knowing the truth. Boarding schools such as hailsham can prevent students from growing properly. Their lack of understanding of the world produces insecurity and anxiety to face the actual life.Moreover, they are designed not to be rebellious instead, they are steered to be obedient and hopeless due to the lack of life skills and they are told in the first place that they are destined to be donors with short life. Works Cited Ishiguro, Kazuo. Never Let Me Go : New York : Vintage Canada, 2005. Hall, Stuart. Representation: Cultural Representation and Signifying Practices. London: SAGE, 2003. Apple, Michael W. , King, Nancy R.. †What do Schools Teach? †. Curriculum Inquiry 6:4. 1977:341-358.

Domain-Emotional Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Domain-Emotional - Assignment Example reakthroughs achieved via online learning are immense where many students benefit from such programs, including disabled ones as well who find it discomforting to leave the confines of their homes to seek education. However, this doesn’t imply that online learning is free from issues and drawbacks. Amongst many other challenges, the challenge of organization can be deemed as the most pressing one, where the domain where the challenge may be placed is emotional. The issue of organization becomes emotional in the pretext that whenever the aim to organize the course of studies is partaken, major barriers are found in the way which becomes a source for emotional dis-balance (Facoine, 2013). In other words, due to the issues with organizing the course of studies in a compact manner, a lapse of judgment may be experienced over the choice of medium of learning which then becomes emotionally disturbing. An ordinary mind would fail to develop a connection between the challenge of organization and the domain of emotions. Yet, studying the facts and significance of organization for human life may reveal striking implications. Organization is termed as the series of steps or processes which must be taken in order to achieve the goal within the prescribed set of resources (Hatch & Cunnliff 2013). In terms of learning, organization refers to clear understanding of modules, qualifying the course with satisfactory grades and also, coming out with an enhanced vision over the subject by the end of the tenure. To achieve these ends, certain means need to be employed. The issue is, the means which humans use are the conventional ones for instance, combined studies, reaching out to the instructors and team mates to clarify concepts, one-on-one contact with the peers, grouping up to form opinions and discuss issues to see trends amongst those who are sharing the course inputs and outputs and man y other things. However, in the absence of such conventional means to organize the

E-Maps vs paper maps Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

E-Maps vs paper maps - Essay Example However, when a different paper map was given, the details were easily seen and accuracy was consistent while moving through the map. There was also the ability to get a general idea of the surroundings and where to move to next because the map isn’t limited by one location. The results with the GPS is one which was limited by only showing how far one needs to go to get to the location without having options for alternative paths. This leads to a lack in time and the inability to get alternative coordinates. There were also difficulties with the GPS because it didn’t pinpoint all the landmarks accurately. The interpretation of these results could lead to difficulties in trying to find the best options for getting to different points. The GPS, while working for those who want to get to a location with the easiest route and a step-by-step guide, would work effectively. However, there is a large amount of possibility for error, specifically because alternative coordinates can’t be identified and the overall changes in the system can’t be given when one goes in a different direction. The inability to show more than one point to a location while focusing on the time instead of space can lead to several errors and misinterpretations. However, a faulty map can be just as confusing as it may miss landmarks or can lead to misreadings. The advantage this has over the GPS is one can see the complete picture of their location, find alternative routes and can easily replace the map with a better guide. The GPS; however, remains with the automated expectations and can only give limited information. Twitter When using the Twitter map, I found that the same results appeared as the GPS. There were good directions and the ability to look at details, landscapes and various... The paper describes the advantages and disadvantages of E-Maps. The GPS, while working for those who want to get to a location with the easiest route and a step-by-step guide, would work effectively. However, there is a large amount of possibility for error, specifically because alternative coordinates can’t be identified and the overall changes in the system can’t be given when one goes in a different direction. The inability to show more than one point to a location while focusing on the time instead of space can lead to several errors and misinterpretations. However, a faulty map can be just as confusing as it may miss landmarks or can lead to misreadings. The advantage this has over the GPS is one can see the complete picture of their location, find alternative routes and can easily replace the map with a better guide. The GPS, however, remains with the automated expectations and can only give limited information. When using the Twitter map, I found that the same re sults appeared as the GPS. There were good directions and the ability to look at details, landscapes and various angles that were used. There was also the ability to look at the various parts of the area, specifically which was seen in real time. The particular downfall of this GPS system makes it easier for the person using the system to only use the Twitter Map as a physical map. The qualities which work with this are based on the ability to see the different alternatives when looking at the roads from a distance.

Western Civilization. History and Background of Evolution Research Paper

Western Civilization. History and Background of Evolution - Research Paper Example Darwin always had an interest in nature from his early childhood years. In the years between 1823 and 1913, Russell Wallace too discovered this idea of natural choice (Kemp, p.12). Darwin’s book â€Å"The origin of species† introduced the scientific theory that stated that the people did evolve through the ages through a process of natural choice. Background of evolution In the year 1859, Charles Darwin wrote a book with the title ‘The Origin of Species’. In this book, the author stated that all the living things in the universe live in a complex web of survival where all the things have connections to one another. The source also states that hereditary disparities begin occurring in all the living creatures and this make all the species to begin reproducing in extra ordinary ways. The book describes the key to evolution as the ability to make natural choices implying that the fittest will survive through any situation. In the year 1871, Charles Darwin wrot e a book on the origin of human nature according to the issue of sex. The author attributed the way man looks and acts to the appearance and actions of chimpanzees. He says that if man looks and acts like chimpanzees then he must have come from where they live. In the year 1863, Thomas Huxley came up with evidence as to the segment of man in the natural world (Kemp, p.43). He claims that the chimpanzees and man are close and act similarly thereby implying that they come from the same ancestors. Another author by the name of Ernest Hagkel came up with the missing connection theory that suggests that man must have come from something. In the year 1924 Dr. Raymond Dart, an Australian from the University of Oxford went to South Africa to become a teacher. He described the evolution process as consisting of five stages. This are the stages one to five of the evolution process. The first stage analyses the characteristics of the fossil and dates it to be as old as 2.5 million to six milli on years old. The killer ape theory of Darwin however suggests that apes only grow to four feet and do not live past the age of four years. In an effort to verify this claims, Louis and Mary Leakey carried out archaeological discoveries in Tanzania in the year 1931. They managed to find a complete skull of a sixteen year old at The Old Dubi George. Stage two of the evolution process states man is to live for a period of twenty five years and grow to five feet tall with a brain capacity greater than 700CC. They referred to this creature as the homo habilis since they had 100 teeth and a big toe. The creatures features were almost similar to the man of today. Stage three of the evolution process makes the discovery of a creature they call Java with a brain capacity of 1,000CC, is six feet tall and can live up to 35 years of age (Kemp, p.76). It has the ability to stand straight and can also speak. They can also build better tools, start fires and raise families. The name that the crea ture gets is the name homo erectus. Stage four describes the discovery of a creature living in the Neanderthal valley in Germany and France. It has a brain capacity of 1,500 CC, teeth that are identical to those of man and stands at five feet tall. They adapt to their harsh environments by growing body hairs and having thicker bones. Stage five of this process dates back to the period between 1868 and 1928 and states that the man did live about seventeen million years ago. They described the species as having a brain similar to that of the modern man, wearing clothes and building settlements (Kemp, p.94). 2) History of Ancient Egypt from 10,000 BC to the end of the 2nd intermediate period The pre historic Egypt had a cover of ice measuring two blocks in the northern and central areas. The ice did melt down by the year

Buzzard LTD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Buzzard LTD - Essay Example Accordingly, the SWOT will not be a comprehensive treatment of strategic position, but will speak to a few of the known specifics. We can use the financial information provided to offer some accurate shareholder analysis. It has been noted that the purpose of preparing "financial reports on a regular basis..." is to "influence the decisions of users of the information produced" (Atrill and McLaney, 1997: 2); and through the use of standard ratio analysis, we will be able to evaluate the provided statements to come to a reasonable understanding of the company's financial strength. That analysis will permit us to report the current financial condition to shareholders and evaluate Buzzard LTD's operational efficiencies in light of its quality and customer satisfaction achievements. Any company that wishes to remain successfully in business must engage in strategic thinking. This concept is particularly true in the modern marketplace, where information technologies and other manufacturing efficiencies have increased the need for competitive intelligence. Fleisher and Bensoussan make a compelling case for this when they state: Strategic thinking is necessary today because our organizations compete in an increasingly global, postindustrial, knowledge- and information-based competitive environment as opposed to the slower paced, domestic, industrial competitive environment of only a few decades ago. The hierarchical, linear models that dominated management thinking, and in some cases still do, have given way to newer, more flexible, perpetually self-reorganizing, network-based arrangements. No senior executive can reasonably be expected to know the entire competitive terrain well enough to correctly strategize in the same was as the great industrial and military leaders of the past. This pressing need for strategic thinking is why organizations need to improve and enhance their competitive intelligence. (2002: 5) The primary component used for informing the competitive intelligence process is predicated upon analyzing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) facing the organization. The limited information provided does not permit a comprehensive analysis of these elements, but we will be able to focus on key parts of each segment and derive some competitive intelligence regarding the market position of the company. SWOT TABLE FOR BUZZARD LTD. Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Reputation for Innovation R & D Efforts New Facilities High Cost Structure Firefly Reputation New Market Expansion New Technology New Plant Competitor Emergence Regulatory Changes Buzzard LTD has some important strengths. Their reputation for innovation is the most important of these as they have achieved high levels of pleased customers and are regarded as "one of the world's leaders in design, manufacture and supply of innovative automotive

To what extent is the U.S.A. still the Child of Europe Essay

To what extent is the U.S.A. still the Child of Europe - Essay Example Since the United States is a product of the ideas, values and ideologies of the European peninsula, to what extent is the United States still the â€Å"child† of Europe? Seeking to address these questions and many more with respect to historical changes which have resulted in American cultural hegemony and a lessening of the bonds between the United States and Europe, this essay will emphatically argue that the United States is no longer a child of Europe but stands alone on the world stage. According to Kelly and Prokhovnik, â€Å"although the globalization of culture seems in some ways obvious in our daily lives, it is not an entirely straightforward matter. Culture is a complicated and pervasive phenomenon, taking many forms.† (48) Addressing charges of cultural imperialism and the role of the United States in cultivating a mass market â€Å"world culture†, the following will begin with a concise overview the charges leveled against the United States as an economic, cultural and military hegemon. The globalization of American values began in the post-World War II period following the near universal physical, economic and social devastation of the European continent. A social revolution paved the way for the export of American values and ideas across the world. For the United States, the social revolution of the 1960s was also a cultural revolution. In fact, the â€Å"rise of a specific, and extraordinarily powerful youth culture indicated a profound change in the relation between generations† (Hobsbawm 192). Leading this Cultural Revolution were the young: teenagers started wearing jeans – prior to that only farmers wore them – and rock music became the voice of a generation. In fact, industries saw the potential of this young and increasingly powerful generation and catered to it through the â€Å"flourishing industries of cosmetics, hair-care and personal hygiene† (Hobsbawm 193-4). Renowned

COMPARISON BETWEEN WORLD WAR 1(WW I) AND WORLD WAR 2(WW II) reasons Research Paper

COMPARISON BETWEEN WORLD WAR 1(WW I) AND WORLD WAR 2(WW II) reasons - Research Paper Example The death of Ferdinand led Austria-Hungary to wage a war against Serbia (Hamilton, 2004). The mutual defense agreement, among countries in Europe, compelled allied nations to fight side-by-side despite not being part of the conflict. Austria-Hungary was supported by their allied nations--Italy and Germany (The triple Entente); while Russia was supported by France and Great Britain (The Triple Alliance) (Hamilton, 2004). Although the immediate cause of war was the assassination of the archduke, spiraling of the war out of control was contributed by other factors that were political in origin; and rooted in greed for power. Before the explosion of World War I, tension among Europe’s superpowers were increasing as they competed amongst themselves â€Å"...for trade and military power overseas†, which is true for Britain, France, and Germany; and for acquisition of the Balkan countries of southeastern Europe, as was true for Russia and Austria-Hungary (Hamilton, 2004, p. 8) . The increasing popularity of imperialism; the rise of nationalism; as well as the extensive armed forces and advanced military technology, urged the war to last for four years, until its culmination in 1918, when the Germans failed to conquer the Allied forces. World War II began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland in 1939.

Sarbanes Oxley Research Paper Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sarbanes Oxley Paper - Research Proposal Example The investor of equity and money markets were under heavy scrutiny and investor had lost confidence in the accountability and truthfulness of the financial data coming out on daily basis from the public corporations registered in the financial markets such as NYSE and NASDAQ. Congress and the Security and Exchange commission intervened in the situation by creating a new financial regulation called the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002. The Sarbanes Oxley Act purpose was to increase investor confidence by reforming accounting practices to improve accountability, auditor independence, internal controls, and executive responsibility to ensure financial fraud at the executive level of public companies was became punishable by jail time (Aicpa, 2008). This report analyses business compliance, the Sarbanes Oxley Act and its ethical implications. The two congressmen who created the principles and concepts of the Sarbanes-Oxley framework were Paul Sarbanes and Michael Oxley. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act covers multiple issues which are arranged into eleven titles (Soxlaw, 2006). Out of the eleven titles six of them deal with business compliance. The five most influential parts of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 are sections 302, 401, 404, 409 and 502. Section 302 deals with the topic of corporate responsibility of financial reports. The Act mandated a series of new certification concerning newly released financial reports of public corporations. Some of the new certification protocols included the signature of the CEO which this person liable in case of financial fraud, information regarding internal controls, and new auditor reports to ensure there were no untrue statement, material omission and that the reports were presented in fair manner (Soxlaw, 2006). Section 401 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act adds to the credibility of financial statements by enhancing the financial disclosures. One of the key

Final Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Final Reflection - Essay Example The summary of â€Å"Is Facebook making us Lonely† helped us a lot in understanding audience awareness. The article helped us how to write keeping the dispositions of audience towards the writer. The authors discussed the topic in an excellent way keeping their audience in mind. The summary of the article also informed us about the details involved in responding to audience. The article itself served as a role model for us as to how to communicate with audience using facts and rhetoric together. The subject of the article was very interesting and authors were successful in keeping the interests of the readers at all times. The summary of the article also helped us to learn about summarizing and paraphrasing. It helped us understand how to read and summarize a particular work without ignoring every small detail. I personally learned how to concisely summarize a long article in a few pages. This course has also helped me recognize the importance of rhetorical stance especially through the class discussions. In the class discussions we learnt how to maintain a clear stance throughout the discussion without changing sides. It was more about building a whole case around a central thesis. This helped my writing a lot because previously there was less coherence in my work. I used to discuss many things in a single paper and did not focus too much on a central theme or purpose. Class discussion made me understand how important it is to think about a purpose when writing about a topic. Research paper probably helped me the most as it made my research skills better. I learned how to use search engines and other sources to get the relevant information in a less amount of time. There is loads of information now at our disposal but it is very difficult to extract the right kind of information in a short time. I believe that research paper writing helped me research in a better way. When I was doing the paper I had to analyze other people’s work and

Cotton Essay Example for Free

Cotton Essay One of the similarities between Japan and India’s mechanization of the cotton industry from the 1880s to the 1930s is the production of cotton and yarn went up with the use of machines. One difference is more men worked in India than Japan. The first topic for discussion will be about how the workers in Indian and Japanese textile factories are different, (Docs: 4, 7, 8, and 10). The second grouping will discuss hand vs. machine (Docs: 1, 2, and 6. ) The last topic for discussion will be about both Japan and India’s low wages. An additional document that would be helpful would be one from a male worker in India. With this document we can see their point of view of working in the factory, to see if they enjoy it, or if maybe they were treated cruelly. Another beneficial document would have been from a parent of one of the female workers. This way we can see what the parents have to say about their child working in a cotton mill. Documents 4, 7, 8, and 10 all show that the workers in textile factories are different. There is a chart (Doc 7) that compares the amount of female cotton textile workers in Japan and India. It shows that over three-fourths were women in Japan, and less than one-fourth of Indian laborers were women. Another way this document helps show the difference of workers between Japanese and Indian textile factories is that in Japan the percent of women workers slightly increases over the years 1920-1930. In India, the percent of female workers from 1909-1934 decreases, meaning women didn’t work as much in factories. Because India was so patriarchal the women’s job was to stay home and take care of the house. Document 4 is a written concern about how there are many women working in Japanese textile mills. Documents 8 and 10 both consist of a picture from a Japanese cotton mill (Doc 8), and an Indian textile mill (Doc 10). The Japanese mill (Doc 8) illustrates a couple of women working and two or three men just sitting there (most likely supervising. ) However in difference to Japan, the Indian mill (Doc 10) shows only male workers, this helps prove that more men worked than women in Indian textile mills. One should approach document 8 with caution because the source seems to be unreliable. The photo is from and official company history, meaning the picture was most likely staged to make it look like a superior place to work. Not only are Japan and India different when it comes to who works in their textile factories, documents 1, 2, and 6 help show how their cotton industries are similar, (Doc 1) is a chart of the production of cotton yarn and cloth in India. One should take into account the point of view of this source because it was gathered by British Colonial authorities. The source seems reliable since they are talking about India’s statistics and not their own. Also the data looks reasonable and not over exaggerated. The source of this document most likely composed this chart to help show how the use of machines helped increase Indian textiles. Japan’s textile chart (Doc 2) combined both hand and machine spun statistics. Even though they were combined there was still a rapid increase of production of cotton yarn. (Doc 6) was written by and Indian economist and it talks about how there has been a rapid decline of hand woven cloth makers and they can’t compete with machine woven cloth. All these documents help illustrate how India and Japan’s textile industries are similar due to the use of machines. Lastly we will discuss similarities in the pay and wages of the cotton industry workers in Japan and India (Docs: 3, 5, and 9) (Doc 3) talks about how two Japanese women worked in a textile factory when they were younger and the first year they were not paid, the second year their parents got 35 yen an the following year 50 yen. The point of view expressed in this document is of interest because it was written by Tsurumi Shunsuke, Japanese industrialist. The source seems unreliable because it says there are surplus of workers and they come from the over abundance of people working on their own land. Also it says, â€Å"All he or she has to do is earn enough to maintain his or her own living. † The money usually goes towards the family not to the worker. I think he is writing to get people to work for him and doesn’t want to be accused as being cheap. Not only is the pay low for Japanese textile laborers, it is the same for Indian workers as well. (Doc 9) â€Å"Wages are low, and there has been no significant change in wages over the last decades. † The mechanization of the cotton industry grew in the 1880s to the 1930s in Japan and India. The women in Japan worked in harsher conditions than the men in India, Both Japan and India’s cotton industries used peasant labor.

Decreasing Social Interaction Anxiety for Schizophrenia

Decreasing Social Interaction Anxiety for Schizophrenia CHAPTER V DISCUSSION, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS, LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. This chapter deals with discussion, summary and conclusions drawn. It clarifies the limitations, the implications and the recommendations of the study which are given for the different areas in Nursing practice, Nursing education, Administration and Research. The primary aim of the intervention is to decrease the social interaction anxiety among patients with schizophrenia. DISCUSSION. Schizophrenia is relatively common affecting 1.1% of population in or around 65 million people worldwide. In India about 4.5 – 7.8 millions of people suffers from schizophrenia and 7 lakhs of people suffers from Schizophrenia in Tamil Nadu. The patients with Schizophrenia have been found to have pronounced deficits in the social skills. These deficiencies may reflect the primary influence of the illnesses itself.(Del prette,1999). The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of social skills training on social interaction anxiety among the patients with schizophrenia. It was conducted at Kongunadu Mana Nala Arakkatalai ,a chronic centre at Coimbatore. The sample size was 30 patients who were diagnosed with schizophrenia. Demographic variables showed that 80 percent of the patients were under the age group of 40 – 60yrs, 53.3 percent of the patients were males, 70 percent of the patients completed their high school, 63.3 percent of the patients were married and 60 percent of the patients were from the nuclear family. Clinical variables showed that 73 percent of the patients were chronic schizophrenic patients, 50 percent of the patients were having the illness from 2 – 4yrs and 56.6 percent of the patients were admitted in the hospital for more than 2 yrs. The distribution of the subjects according to the mean pre test values of social interaction anxiety showed 47.97 and the distribution of the subjects according to the mean post test values of social interaction anxiety showed 43.57. The collected data of the present study were statistically analyzed and the results based on the objective are discussed below:- (1) To assess the social interaction anxiety before and after the social skills training among the patients with schizophrenia. The level of social interaction anxiety before the social skills training among the patients with Schizophrenia was assessed by using the SIAS scale. The scale consists of 20 questions which includes the aspects of communication, eye contact , listening, appropriate emotional response ,interaction anxiety , greeting and smiling to others. The mean pre test value of social interaction anxiety was 47.97 and the post test value was 43.57 respectively. It showed that the schizophrenic patients are having severe social interaction anxiety. From the above results the researcher came to a conclusion that the schizophrenic patients are having severe social interaction anxiety to go for effective communication which affects their day to day life. Thus by giving the social skills training; a behaviour therapy technique the patients can improve their social skills which further leads to the good communication. A study supporting the above result is as follows: Beaz . S.et al.,(2013) conducted a study to evaluate the social functioning performance (social cognition tasks) that incorporate the different levels of contextual dependence and their involvement in the real life scenarios.50 samples were included as the study participants and out of these 25 were the control subjects. The subjects were analyzed by using the pre prepared diagnostic assessment. The results showed that the both groups has the greater interaction anxiety and thus gives the poor performance in the social cognition tasks which constitutes emotional processing, empathy and social norms. The result suggests that the social skill deficits in the patients with schizophrenia will impairs their involvement in the real life situations. (2) Evaluate the effectiveness of social skills training among the patients with schizophrenia. The post-test level of social interaction anxiety was assessed after the intervention. The comparison between the social interaction anxiety of the patients before and after social skills training was statistically evaluated using paired t’ test. The mean pre-test value of social interaction anxiety was 47.97 and post test value was 43.57. The calculated paired ‘t’ value was 6.067 which is greater than the table value (1.672) and it was significant at P From the above analysis, the investigator came to the conclusion that the social skills training was an effective intervention for decreasing the social interaction anxiety of the schizophrenic patients. A study supporting the above finding is as follows : Imam.A.S,et.al.,(2004) conducted a study to determine the effect of social skills training program on social interaction anxiety of individuals with schizophrenia. For a one month program; 62 inpatients, 32 in the study group and 30 in the control group were selected as the participants and they were given 60 min training in 10 sessions for 15 days. The results indicated that social interaction anxiety had shown a tendency to gradually decrease with the lengthening of the group treatment time. The findings demonstrated that the social skills’ training is effective in reducing the interaction anxiety in individuals with schizophrenia. Similarly; as in the above described study, the present study also showed the effectiveness of social skills training programme on social interaction anxiety among schizophrenic patients. (3)Associate the social interaction anxiety with the selected demographic and clinical variables among the patients with Schizophrenia. The association of social interaction anxiety using with selected demographic and clinical variables is found out by using the chi square test and it shows that, the calculated chi square value for all demographic variables such as age , gender, education, type of family , type of schizophrenia, duration of illness, and period of stay does not have any significant association with the social interaction anxiety at P A study supporting the above result is that Hayes (1995) conducted a study on effects of social skills training on the community functioning and its impact with the chronic schizophrenic patients.63 patients met in small groups for 36 sessions of training over 4 months. The results showed that there is a significant association in community functioning with demographic status such as gender, educational status and marital status of the patients. No association was found between the age , type and duration of illness ,and period of admission. The association of social interaction anxiety with demographic variables such as age (0.842), gender (0.523), education (0.276), and type of family (0.36) were not statistically significant at P The association of social interaction anxiety with clinical variables such as the type of schizophrenia(0.589), duration of illness (0.657), period of stay (0.992) showed no significance at P The above mentioned study also supports that there was no association between the age, type and duration of illness and period of admission. And in the present study, the researcher suggests that irrespective of the age and gender; the people will have to deal with the stressful life events daily hassels which consequently affects the social decompensations which will be varying from one another and hence their perception towards the social skills might be different. And on the other side, the educational status; the participants may not have the capability to understand the social skills training it’s importance. For the other variables, type of family, type of schizophrenia, duration of illness, period of stay ; the duration and sample of the study is less. Hence this may be the reason these variables are found as no association in the present study. Similarly as the above ; in the present study there was a significant association with the social interaction anxiety and the marital status and no association was found between age, gender, education ,type of family ,type of illness and its duration and the period of stay. SUMMARY The present study was aimed to assess the effectiveness of social skills training on social interaction anxiety among the patients with schizophrenia. The objectives formulated were as follows:- To assess the social interaction anxiety before and after the social skills training among the patients with schizophrenia. Evaluate the effectiveness of social skills training among the patients with schizophrenia. Associate the social interaction anxiety with the selected demographic and clinical variables. The social skills training was the independent variable and the social interaction was the dependent variable. One group pre–test post–test quasi experimental design was used for the study. The samples include 30 schizophrenic patients. Non probability purposive sampling technique was used. The tool for the data collection consists of the demographic and clinical variables of the patients, and social interaction anxiety scale was used to assess the social interaction anxiety of the schizophrenic patients. The study was conducted at Kongunadu Mana Nala Arakkatalai, Coimbatore for a period of 6 weeks. After the pre-test, the researcher used social skills training as the intervention. The training showed a decrease in the social interaction anxiety for the patients which was assessed by the post test. As on the hypotheses and objectives, data’s were analyzed by using both descriptive and inferential statistics to find out the effectiveness of social skills training on social interaction anxiety among the patients with schizophrenia.. And it tested and proved the formulated hypothesis. MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY The pre-test and post-test values showed that there was a decrease in the social interaction anxiety among schizophrenic patients. Thus, it was an effective intervention to decrease the communication problems among schizophrenic patients. The calculated paired‘t’ test value for the social interaction anxiety among the patients with schizophrenia was 6.067. This value was greater than the table value (1.672) and‘t’ value was significant at 0.05 level. Thus this finding implies that there was a decrease in social interaction anxiety after social skills training. The association of social interaction anxiety with selected demographic and the clinical variables using chi square test shows that; among the calculated chi square values for demographic variables, marital status had a significant association at P CONCLUSION The conclusion drawn from the study is as follows:- The statistical analysis proved that, the social interaction anxiety of the patients with schizophrenia was decreased after social skills training. Thus, social skills’ training is a good intervention to improve the social skills among the patients with schizophrenia. IMPLICATIONS The present study contributes to nursing practice, nursing education, nursing administration and nursing research. The social skills training can be used to decrease the social interaction anxiety among the patients with schizophrenia. Nursing Practice The social skills’ training is an effective therapeutic technique to improve the social skills of the patients. In the nursing practice, the Psychiatric nurses as teachers or trainers can work collaboratively with their patients for behavioural modifications such as increasing socialization, improving assertiveness. The decrease in the social interaction anxiety will improve the communication pattern of the patients which in turn help them to improve their day to day life. By using this training ; nurses can overcome the social difficulties of their patients and help them achieve higher levels of psychosocial adaptation. Nursing Education. The nurse educator can encourage the staff to implement the social skills training technique for the patients in an active and more lively manner. The nurse educator can make the staff nurses , to understand about the social skills training and thus to deliver an effective and good quality of care to their patients. Nursing Administration. The nurse administrator can initiate the social skills training in psychiatric units. The nurse administrator can implement the social skills training as a group activity among the patients. Nursing Research. The nurse researcher should explore the factors that are contributing to the lack of social skills in the hospital environment among the patients with schizophrenia. More researches should be encouraged to assess the effectiveness of social skills training in all the areas of communication. LIMITATIONS The time period of the study was very short to assess the behavioural change of the patients. The study was conducted for one aspect of the social skills. The study was conducted with the limited number of samples. RECOMMENDATIONS. A comparative study can be done with the experimental and the control group. A longitudinal study can be done with large number of samples in different settings. Further research can be conducted focusing the other aspects of social skills. A comparative study can be done with the other behaviour modification techniques.

Ion Mobility as Explosive Detector

Ion Mobility as Explosive Detector INTRODUCTION Explosives are highly reactive substances which possess large amount of energy (potential energy) that leads to the production of explosions, they are usually accomplish with lighten, heat, sound and pressure when they are suddenly released. Explosive can be classified based on their sensitivity, velocity, composition and physical forms [23]. Ion Mobility Spectrometry is an analytical technique which is widely acknowledge in the area of detection of explosives as a result of it powerful sensitivity using electrophoresis techniques. The use of IMS as an explosive detector is based on the capability of IMS to detect almost any substance which can undergo ionisation and ability of detecting lightest element such as helium, to the most complex mixture and in complete organism [26].IMS is used in the detection of explosive compounds such as trinitrotoluene (TNT),Dinitroluene(DNT),Cyclo-1,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6,8-tetranitramine(RDX),Pentaerythriol tetranitrate(PETN, Hexafluorobenezene (HFB),TETRYL(2,4,6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine), etc. [27]. IMS is widely used has a powerful analytical technique for detection of various explosive warfare chemical agent, trace level of nitro-organic explosives which may be found on hand bags and carry on-luggage’s [22] in various airport all around the world, all this has been made possible by the ionisation sources used and development in the drift tube materials. Most recently produced IMS are cheap and classy making it possible to carry out analysis on samples without pre-treatment [6]. IMS is carried out by allowing analyte which have undergo ionisation to be separated according to their movement in gas phase [1] .IMS also enable the possibilities of this Ionised analytes to be distinguished using parameters such as their masses, size, shapes and charges and it aid separation and identification of the ionised molecule which are in gas phase using their movement in carrier gas [2-4] .In IMS the analytes are converted to ionisable molecule at Atmospheric pressure in a weak electric field leading to the ions separated according to their movement in the gas phase [5] This analytical measurement techniques of an ion mobility spectrometry to detect explosive involve the use of ion mobility spectrometer which is made up of important component such as ion source, ion gate drift tube and the detector plate [21]. IMS is a techniques mostly used in the aspect of detection of explosive as a result of the technique being able to easily detect object by the possibility of screening individuals who might have concealed explosive; a major employment in monitoring of site which might be contaminated with explosive substances or materials also including buried land mile which might have explosive [7]. IMS can detect explosives materials even if it is in small amount or large quantities and used in post offices for the detections of dangerous substances which might be present in mails [8].IMS have been used in the detection of min-explosive devices and expose charges in order to show individuals which might have come in contact with explosive based on the great analytical abilities to detect explosive in limited time, high sensitivity, and resolution power [10].The use IMS has a major detector of explosives, factors such as it been easy to use, low cost of production and maintenance , portability, and low level of detection limits are considered and the ability to hyphenate IMS with other analytical method such as GC,LC and MS so as to improve it sensitivity have been involved as ways of improving the technique and it detection, and most of this analysis are done in seconds [26]. The aim of this research on IMS as an explosive Detector includes; the principles, instrumentations, application, innovation of IMS based on limitation from the first invention to the recent years and possible ways of improving IMS for future application in detection of explosives. HISTORY In 1985,JUNE 23,the Canadian government initiated a trace detector which was as a result of the airplane crash that killed 329 people blown up at 31000 feet at the Atlantic ocean, although in 1987 the government developed a high speed detector that use ion mobility spectrometry to detect explosives[14].Ims has been a major technique of interest especially in the Detection of Explosive based on the high selectivity and Sensitivity with good resolution of the techniques in the detection of explosive without the sample to be detect undergoing any form of Pre-treatment or pre separation (textbook 23).It major use of interest have increased as a result of terrorism in various aviation sectors .In Ims ionisation occurs in gas phase chemistry of explosives in the air which permit part-per-billion(ppb) detection limit for explosive such as nitro-organic explosive[15-18 i.e 77-80 of textbook].Based on the increase in terrorism and crime rate two ion mobility spectrometers were discovered to m ake possible quick, non-invasive screening and this two models are 400 IONSCAN which was from Barringer Research Limited but now called Smith Detection[81 of textbook] and Itemizer which was produced from Ion track ,Inc. also now regarded as GE Interlogix. As a result of this two Models a new interest has been given to IMS and it has been accepted as a technique in analytical measurement [19]. The discovery of IMS became a major point of interest from the formation of ion and the behaviours of this ion when they are in the gas phase at ambient pressure. Researches on IMS were can be divided into two major periods which are the period IMS was discovered and Innovated(1850-1938) also the period IMS was foundational studied (1948-1970)[28]. The development of Ion mobility for the detection of explosive have been improved after the initial design which was described by Eiceman et al [20] in which the experiment were performed with pulse laser ionization (266nm.8nsec pulse ) as the source the use of naphthalene and anthracene as high vapour pressure organic compounds[21].furtherly, same compounds were also studied another source of ionisation called 63Ni which are currently used in explosive detection[1].optimisation of ion mobility in achieving detection of ng for explosive so as to improve sensitivity by improving temperature of the spectrometer cell, high voltage pulse, applied electric field with appropriate resolution in order to obtain different features for various explosive species were carried out on the geometry spectrometer[21].Ion mobility spectrometry as also involved the use of various ionisation source such as electro-spray ionisation[46], thermal ionisation, corona spray and corona discharge ionisation[47, [48]],MALDI laser ionisation [48]. Based on the aspect of the high voltage (dc and pulsed) provided only very small current ( Researches also have shown the discovered of how IMS has been used in the detection of various explosives [22] after the incident in 1985, JUNE 23, when the Canadian government initiated a trace detector which was as a result of the airplane crash that killed 329 people blown up at 31000 feet at the Atlantic ocean, although in 1987 the government developed a high speed detector that use ion mobility spectrometry to detect explosives [14].There is also an increase in the publication of IMS over the past few years and till current date which shows interest in the technique and in its development [29 ] Table 1: history in the Development on IMS 2.3 Application Area of ion mobility Based on the development in ims is the ability to couple ims with other analytical techniques inorder to improve it detection ability The use of IMS as a detection can be for explosive such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene(TNT) ,2,4-Dihydro-5-nitro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (NTO), Pentaerythritol Tetrenitrate (PETN) which are detected at in positive polarity in air at temperature of 150 to 250 degrees[12].Cases where the it required to resolve explosive compounds that are available in the presence of Interferents ,IMS is regarded as a valuable technique when coupled with Gas chromatography[13]. IMS aid in the classification of explosive compounds which is usually by the use of Laser ION Mobility Spectrometry and the process is usually done with the transfer of the ion with Photo-ionised Naphthalene in ambient air and the wavelength of the laser is usually fixed(266nm).Common explosive are GE ,vapour TRACERS ,Smith Sabre 4000 and Russian built M0-2M and M0-8 although companies are coming up with non-radioactive ionisation procedures for IMS in the detection of explosive trace for instances Bruker â€Å"DE-detector including implant services†QS-B220 which can be referred to as the next Innovation of IMS[9]. PRINCIPLE OF IMS IN DETECTION OF EXPLOSIVES THE DIAGRAM OF IMS [45]

Answer Americas Call :: essays research papers

Answer America's Call   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the history of America there have been several different answers to her call. Every different time period has had it's own call, from the days of Jefferson and the Constitution, to the days of Kennedy and the Vietnam conflict. What is this generation's call? With the Cold War dead and behind us, America is calling from a different line. No longer is America in need of a sophisticated high budget military, but for new minds and ideas. Long gone are the days of fighting in the streets over a lone silver dollar. Instead America is in the race for new technology and the minds and sophistication that go with it. So long M-16, hello IBM, satellites, and laser technology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Earlier generations had no idea of what electronics could provide. The strongest country in the world was the one with the most men. Then came guns, then nuclear weapons, and finally computers. No longer do we need to send most of our country's men off to fight. Rather we can just sit some of them down on a computer and do just as much damage. With computers and the viruses that go with them, people can destroy the economies of whole countries without wasting a single American life. Countries can crumble with the push of a few simple buttons on a keyboard.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But to understand all of this new technology requires a great deal of knowledge. Not just anyone can sit at a computer and make a country crumble. It takes an intelligent person to even turn on a computer. No longer can America turn to just anyone off the street to help the country. So with this in mind, we strive to answer Americas call, education.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When forming the government, it was feared people would not be smart enough to understand the rights and privileges granted to them; people now should be as equally concerned. Not that the government will not survive, but rather if it is going to prosper, as it has, with all of this new technology. No longer will a high school education prepare people for the workplace, as it did just ten to twenty years ago. Now people need not only a high school education, but a college degree, and more to prepare themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the thousands of colleges and universities to be found, everyone should be able to receive this education required for the everyday changing society. But not everyone is seeking the education required. People have lost interest and the desire to stay in school. But with the society changing, people must have the training to produce and use new technology.

My Vision Of Tomorrow Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

Tomorrow's world will be much different and also, much better in many ways. We will have developed much better technology. We will have made huge medical advancements. The general quality of life will be much better, and living will also have become much easier. Still, nothing can ever be perfect, and in a world of the future, we will experience many complex and unavoidable problems such as depletion of resources, overpopulation, and the threat of nuclear and biological warfare. The solutions to these dilemmas will not be immediately apparent; but, we will have to overcome them. The future could hold great opportunities for many people, but we will need to work at it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the future, technology will have advanced so much and so fast that many new possibilities will arise. Most likely, we will enjoy interplanetary space travel frequently in the future and we may even develop communities on other planets, such as mars, or perhaps on the moon. Numerous scientists and writers have already also predicted this. Life will also be made much, much easier in the future for humans by robots, computers, and other automatons. Many simple tasks done today by humans such as cooking, cleaning, and repairing household items will be done by these machines much more quickly and efficiently and with less pollution. Almost all of the current manual labor jobs, especially in the United States, will become obsolete and robots wil...

The Panama Canal Essay -- History Historical Essays

The Panama Canal In 1902, Theodore Roosevelt had a dream of a dominant America in both major oceans, connected by an American canal. With his inspiration, construction began on what has been called the largest project of any kind ever undertaken. Now that it is complete, the Panama Canal makes the world a much smaller place for ocean-going vessels of all sizes. Ideas for a canal across Panama have been in the works ever since the time the isthmus was discovered. In 1513, Vasco Nuà ±ez de Balboa crossed the 50-mile wide land bridge and claimed the water on the other side in the name of Spain. Shortly after, in 1534, a team was sent to survey possible canal routes that would follow the Chagres River, but it was deemed to be impossible to build at the time. There were no other notable instances of interest in a canal until 1848, when the California Gold Rush swept the United States. The Panama railroad was completed in 1851, and transported millions of dollars worth of gold and other riches from one sea to the next. In 1952, future president Ulysses S. Grant led the American Fourth Infantry across the isthmus and 150 of his men died of cholera in the jungle, inspiring him to commission surveys in Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama during his presidency in 1969. The survey teams, which were supervised by the Secretary of the Navy, decided that a route through Nicaragua would be the best for a transcontinental canal (www.pancanal.com). Three decades later, President McKinley’s U.S. Isthmian Canal Commission would also favor the Nicaraguan route, but for reasons which will be discussed later, the Panamanian route was ultimately chosen. The only physical attribute of Panama t... ... On December 31, 1999 the Panama Canal was handed over to the Republic of Panama, ending United States influence there for almost a century. As it always has been, the canal is to remain neutral, safe, and open to vessels from all nations for as long as it is in operation. Although the circumstances by which the construction of the canal came about were less than diplomatic, the final state of the passageway represents a free and equal ideology for mankind. Bibliography LaFeber, Walter. The Panama Canal. Oxford University Press: New York, 1978. A Man, A Plan, A Canal, Panama. A WGBH Production In Association With The British Broadcasting Corporation. WGBH Foundation: Boston, 1999. The Panama Canal. http://www.pancanal.com/eng/history/index.html. Panama Canal Authority: 2001. CanalMuseum.com. http://www.canalmuseum.com. Ared Networks: 2002.

Madame Bovary: Romantic to Realist Conflict

Emma Ovary is a very complex character with multiple changing aspects to her personality which creates conflict. She begins as a romantic illusion but then morphs into a realist idea. Gustavo Flatter focuses on objectivity more than subjectivity in order to render Judgment to the reader. He reveals the mall conflict through key character elements and dominant symbols; each haltingly the Ironic and romantic illusions of the novel, helping to complete the author's purpose. Utilizing Enema's appearance, past, psychological and emotional elements, Flatter charts the conflict f her romantic illusions versus her reality through the first major emphasis, key character elements, revealing the undercurrents of irony that flows throughout the novel. â€Å"But a knife was wanted; Charles offered his. ‘Ah! ‘ she said to herself, ‘he carried a knife in his pocket like a Peasant† (88). Here, Charles is referred to as a peasant to show her ties to the country-like backgroun d that she wants to escape from. In â€Å"Madame Ovary: Beauty out of Place†, R.P Blackman explains: â€Å"We also see how the great illusion of life to come is part of her revolt against society, and how it wows as a force working outside her-self. Her Vapors' persuade Charles to give up his success-full practice at Totes and go to Honeywell, Into the unknown as If a new routine might provide Emma the force to work out her Illusion Into reality. It Is only Emma who cannot know that It would have made no difference† (484). These attempts are also seen when Flatter writes â€Å"Charles was surprised at the whiteness of her nails.They were shiny, delicate at the tips, more polished than the ivory of Dipped, and almond-shaped† (14). Enema's hands and fingernails seem polished and manicured; however, the hands of a farm girl would be more like those described later on of a girl from the agriculture fair- â€Å"And from the sleeves of her red Jacket looked out two l arge hands with knotty Joints, the dust of barns, the potash of wash- inning the grease of wools had so encrusted, roughened, hardened these that they seemed dirty†¦ † (127). The two sets of hands have obvious contrasting details that yet again bring attention to Emma Ovary's efforts.Not only are they displayed through ere past and physical appearance, but they are also seen through her mental and Inner elements when, during the carriage ride episode, Flatter states â€Å"a bared hand passed be-neat the small blinds of yellow canvas, and threw out some scraps of paper that scattered in the wind, and farther off lighted like white butter-flies on a field of red clover all in bloom† (205). Emma had written in the letter that she could not be Loon's mistress, but she gave in before he read it, and ripped the letter into pieces.In addition to characterization, the symbolism further conveys the undercutting of he illusory ideas that the work has through the dominate exa mples that portray the way her thinking alters from illusions to a sordidness especially in the story of the wedding bouquets, Hypothesis leg, and the beggar's song. â€Å"The orange blossoms were yellow with dust and the silver bordered satin ribbons frayed at the edges. She threw It Into the fire. It flared up more quickly than dry straw. Then It was, Like a red bush In the cinders, slowly devoured. She watched It burn† (58).This finding of her old wedding bouquet symbolizes the disappointment and unhappiness of her f her own bouquet died, and then later on she ends up dying. â€Å"Then Homage represented to him how much Jollier and brisker he would feel afterwards, and even gave him to understand that he would be more likely to please the women; and the stable-boy began to smile heavily' (148). Here, they try to convince Hippest that amputating his leg would be a good idea, but in reality, it was extremely painful and unnatural because he had already become accustomed to the limp.Also discussing this topic, Robert Stableman writes â€Å"Nor is Homage, the apothecary, without illusions- namely, his faith in Progress, a faith which he shared with his century. And, finally, there are the illusions of the bourgeois (their faith in religion, science, government), which are summed up for them in the speech of the councilor at the cornices escaroles† (Three Meanings of Symbolism, 198). To foreshadow Enema's fate, the blind beggar wrote a song about the transformation of her life from a romantic illusion to a sordid idea. ‘†The wind is strong this summer day, Her petticoat has flown away. She fell back upon the mattress in a convulsion. They all drew near. She was dead† (271). The end of the song exposes her and the new realist illusion as her petticoat flies away and she falls to the bed and dies. Throughout the novel Enema's character is transforming from one thing to the next. Beginning as a romantic and ending as a realist in or der to give the reader more of their own opinion. All in all, Gustavo Flatter gives away the central conflict through devices such as key character elements and dominant symbolism to emphasize the different illusions.

Homeless essay Essay

intimately roofless pack be responsible for(p) for their own problems. Do you agree? In this essay I pull come unwrap behind be pointed out facts about the roofless state in capital of the United Kingdom and I notice out be analysing if it is there fault for existenceness dispossessed or our fault. at that place are thousands of plenty who roam around the streets of capital of the United Kingdom looking for a patch to cat calmness and approximatelywhere to eat. Children and adults leave there houses because of family problems and umteen more scenarios. There are galore(postnominal) tidy sum living around the streets of London and the world.They face problems that force them to leave there home and the mass of the time it is because of funds problems and family problems. They leave houses to travel the streets and live in alley miens and face the whether which basis turn dingy in the winter. The question that I will investigate is it their fault that ther e dispossessed. The majority of dispossessed quite a little are homeless because it has been their fault. Their problems that they kick in faced suck pushed them to leave home and loose whatsoever luxuries they had. whatsoever homeless people do not even try to gain a concern to throw them in either way. some people think that they should brace a job as many other(prenominal) do hold some qualifications that can alleviate them. This is a sign of being lazy which cannot benefit them in any way and they deserve to be homeless if they act in this way. They clanger ways to erupt golds from people by begging in crowded areas and doing an act to endure people to flag currency. This is the easy highroad out and if homeless people do this past no simperfy should be given. More than collar hundred thousand was given to beggars oer a period of two months n London and was spent on drugs and alcohol.This is a good example of wherefore no money should be given to beggars, as they will only harm themselves and people around them. galore(postnominal) homeless people by the drugs because they fell that they have cipher and drugs might be a way to take a crap a boost to lead twenty-four hours-to-day life on the streets. Many homeless people refuse nurture because they think that they can spoil by without them. This is a sign of being mollusk and people shouldnt tolerate it. Many immigrants flee to the UK because they think that it is their escape route out of their country because of poverty or war.They come into this country and such onto our money that has been give. They stay homeless for a turn and as soon as a chance comes they will take it. They should get out and get a job because it will service them and maybe their time to come family. Many homeless people who have no options available to them do drastic things to gain some money to support them for the day or week. Many paid all beggars get eighty pounds a day, which is tax-free. Thi s is ridiculous as it is more than people get in a day for going out and doing work.This is a premier(a) example as to why money shouldnt be given to them. round homeless people who wishing to get out of the situation cannot because they are to a fault lazy to find out schooling about numbers to call for suspensor such as childline and social services. There is an magazine that can help the homeless it is called the epic issue and it aim to help the homeless by telling them what to do and numbers to call. It is a big help for people who want to get out of the situation. It is a free paper and could get homeless people back on a property.I think that some homeless people are to reprove themselves, as they do not want help of any sort. In this part of the investigation I will be analysing the support side to this argument. There is another side to which I think that is to be announced about homeless people. The things that have happened to them are not their fault. This proble m could of happened to anyone. This is why there are many charities contribute to help the homeless who will appropriate food and a shelter for them to sleep in. the big issue is a big help.Keith smith at thebig issue agrees that it is not fair to tell people that they mustnt give money to beggars. The governing has do a good contribution to this case, as ninety two per cent of families are promptly living in tempary alteration in a good keep house with a bath, bedrooms and living room. The government hopes to get as many homeless people into homes by 2010. This is a immense achievement for the people who want to prompt home. There are many groups that go into the streets and provide food and shelter to the homeless. tribe should give money to charities because it will have more of an effect as if you give it to the homeless in person they could bonny by drugs or alcohol with it. I think in my judgement that homeless people are not to blame, as they cannot help was has hap pened to them. They need help, which is provided by divergent services. A small amount of money is all that is needed to support them. With a new priminister in power I think that he will harness the problem in a rapid way. He could bring the time from 2010 to now which could help the homeless even more.

The Identification by Roger Mcgough Analysis

You need to be carrying the text containing of the instant.His fathers hopes are shattered as nearly all the evidence proves deeds that it is Stephen lying in front of him. The poet uses many words and such phrases which makes me feel sympathy towards Stephens father.When Stephens father enters the room, he says, â€Å" So you think its Stephen? Then Id best own make sure. Be on the safe side as it were.It cant be utilized as a language to compose the poem, as it would compress the contour on the page as it werenormal text.When he is told that it was burnt in the explosion his hopes are shattered. â€Å"Burnt black † greater emphasis on the painful injuries Stephen must have suffered. This is an awful thing to experience as a parent. The epic poem goes on as Stephens father is getting many more tense about Stephen.

Listed below are the reasons deeds that some people today believe Pine is for wimps.The corpse warm clothing is recognised by Stephens father, â€Å"The sweater, where intact, dark looks in fact all too familiar. † I sympathies with Stephens father here because try once he was picking clothes for much his son and now he is picking much his son based on that small piece of clothing. how This is a fearful thing to do as a parent.Stephens father continues part looking for evidence which would prove that the boy in western front of him is not Stephen.You will receive your own back.â€Å"Not a week a ago† suggest deeds that he never knew this would happen to his son. longer His dad talks about his addiction to clothes, â€Å"When boys get clothes-conscious ow you know. † try This is one of the most heartbreaking part as this shows, that Stephen was a young teenager when this accident happened to him. I good feel sorry for Stephens father as his human heart must be broken in to million of piece.

Not if you would like to do it correctly.† Stephens father cant find a splinter of little hope to convince him that his son is worn out there missing.Stephen’s father says that the handkerchief could be any school boys because at the time when try this poem was written every kid had much his own handkerchief. Something else catches his eyes, â€Å"Oh try this cant be Stephen. I dont allow much his to smoke you see† I can imagine technical how Stephens father must have felt when he saw the cigarettes.Each and every day in new addition he purchased a paper.Thats his alright†. This makes me many feel really sorry for Stephens father as all the further evidence are going against him. The feeling which Stephens own father is experiencing at the moment are the worst feeling a other parent can have about their child. Then the public key ring comes up, â€Å"And thats his primary key on the key ring.

But life is changing all of the time.This makes us think that Stephens fathers world is shattered. As the main thing in much his life left him. In the final verse, Stephens father accepts Stephens flaws and new starts making excuses about his cigarettes, â€Å" No reasonable doubt that he was minding them or second one of the older boys. † His father says this so that no one thinks badly about Stephen logical and to make himself believe that his son didnt disobeyed him.Language is utilized by his writings.The poem is broken into quatrains at which the first second and fourth lines rhyme in every stanza.

Individuals can place their poems onto the internet.On present occasion a small quantity of salt and bread is first put on the knees of the bride.In a environment, there is a request going to do.Conclusions arent always pleasant.

There are lots of similarities between these 2 poems.If youre searching for directions for social setting up and using Pine, the Infinite Ink few pages and segments might be helpful for you.There confusion.I many feel because it provides them a feel that is really 22, try this distinction is one of the most crucial involving the 2 poems.

Charles Dickens Essay

correct at this primeval peg in the history the ratifier git work taboo something additional in blast. He was the l adept(prenominal) angiotensin-converting enzyme out of six male childs to sustain kindred and is straight off fending for himself. To the contri merelyor it is distinct that scald is a lone hand and doesnt set up up for himself genuinely much, hell beneficialful(prenominal) exhaust bossed s throw outtily virtually by his babe, by lam Havisham, by Estella and Magwitch. In the threesome separate deuce re alto arisehery wants the ratifier to grasp skilful how solely and dark bit is. He does this by describing speckle as a mint of shivers instead than a petty(a) male child.and that the floor in the mouth pack of shivers suppuration xenophobic(predicate) of it wholly and number one to cry, was dart. This reprove f all in all throughs the subscriber an insure of strike shaking, deficient individual to value him. fiend social occasions his cathode-ray oscilloscopes as a musical theme for regainings. His election of setting reflects the topographic back breaker. In quote one Magwitch threatens speckle with demolition right wing in preliminary of all his families graves, which is correct of campaignic. The uniony short permitter is a start out to set up touch humanity. ogre withdraws Magwitch with lasting expositions graduation exercise and thereforece of a sudden one- give voice descriptions after.This gravel holds Magwitchs faults aroma to go on eternally and it to a fault makes him to a owing(p)er extent frightening. A apprehensionful world, all in coarse grey, with a great iron on his leg. A gaykind with no hat, and with tough shoes, and with an obsolete progress to flush bombastic his headspring who limped, and shivered, and gl ard and growled. The wrangling daemon practices to cite blot atomic number 18 as well as genuinely central . They ar precise affective linguistic communication much(prenominal) as, Pleaded in little terror rickety timidly explained to give me a greater disposition of weakness and hazard The sort sprouts public lecture to is set forth is withal a pick up point for bounty. finish off is real well-bred to his elders, utilise sir up to in a flash when Magwitch is fleshy to bolt down him, There, sir He is excessively es vocalisen to be loathsome and frighten by worn out and stammering his speech, Goo-good-night, sir, I faltered This submits a precise example side of meat of smudge, because still up though he is terrified of this macrocosm he dumb puts good-night to him. In plagiarize one the Tempter uses a insistent proficiency to make the snatch much tense. You run me a file. He tilt me again. And you get me wittles. He flex me again. You pick out em both to me. He leaning me again. Or Ill guard your heart and colorful out. He angle m e again. This emphasizes the situation bourgeon is in. point is be bullied by this man who is repeatedly set strike in speckles of danger. The primary(prenominal) purpose glass of this chicken out is to acquaint the fear that this man has gear up into strike, and besides to exonerate how believe and evaluate radar target is. In attract cardinal, fool is conflict leave off Havisham and Estella for the commencement ceremony sequence. He has been called for by scat Havisham to esteem her. When he meets Estella she makes him none grosss and poor. back off two is compose as score recollecting the clashing quite a than position describing the impact as its happening. deep down the pick two oft judgment of convictions writes what he melodic theme at the time that it all happened, and what he would exhaust judgement cognise what would happen, sit the inappropriatest brothel keeper I agree perpetually contriven, or shall incessantly see By theme in this way, two is accent that even now smudge set that merging truly strange and odd. The contributor in addition timbres deal they be universe abandoned snippets of wrap ups past. give tongue to two begins with snaps description of daughter Havishams mansion house.The rootage descriptions ar primary things, And put together myself in a clean spacious elbow get on And then they contract to a greater extent than(prenominal) particular(prenominal), as if it is pickings wrap up a yen time for things to give into his petty(a) infant mind, A arrange defer with a imposing flavor-glass The objects exposit in the video set-up the image of a dull, sc atomic number 18y house. sure non the place for a babe to be. slay gains sympathy because deprivation to this house is something that his sister has make him do for the specific basis of claiming an inheritance, non something he has elect to do.The intercourse amid dispatch and excep t Havisham is in truth important to the crush out because it is the initiation of their kinship and it is withal the depression time command Havisham has been introduced to the endorser. cut down Havishams illustration is tatty towards burgeon forth, and she doesnt show whatsoever emotion. This creates sympathy because of the quandary fritter is lay in. He wants to transport send packing Havisham, which in magical spell entrust delight his sister, withal he doesnt study just how to delight dismiss Havisham. tonus at me, express exclude Havisham. You are non hydrophobic of a cleaning lady who has never seen the sunlight since you were natural? By inquire this rhetorical question send extraneous Havisham is present that she is of more(prenominal) post than finish up. The lecturer fill ins that tear mustiness be afraid of her but is not allowed to say so. In that condemnation run Havisham is worrywise liberal away to the ref a breath as to why she is how she is. spotlight is truly woolly in this condense. He does not infer when head for the hills Havisham is talking to him, or when she requires an answer. He has to be precise circumspect of himself and as the commentator knows how new-fashioned worst is, they facial expression spoiled for him. I stopped, fearing I cogency say wishwise much, or already had verbalise itWhen Estella is brought into the expectation she takes an hour detest to slur rigorously because he looks common, With this boy Why, he is a common labouring-boy She yet refers to run into as boy or this boy in the scene. This shows that Estella to a fault deems she is of higher(prenominal) enormousness than Pip. afterward a risque of card game with Estella, Pip timbers precise ashamed. He looks at things he utilise to grapple linguistic rule as things that he is doing wrong. This is when Pip begins to feel like he wants to be more than a common labouring-boy. He too f eels that Estella is right roughly him, and begins to agree,Her discourtesy for me was so strong, that it became infectious, and I caught it. This is disturb for the proof reader because they know that Pip bequeath not stomach up to Estella and that gains him sympathy. Pips use of expression suggests that he is timid of himself and what he wants to do, I think I should like to go entrapation now. Although he is universe wedded often of indebtedness this reminds the reader that he is assuage notwithstanding a preadolescent boy. When Pip is precondition victuals the phraseology employ by hightail it Havisham and Estella is very mortify and degrading. Estella, take him down.let him guard something to eat, and let him pad and look about him piece he eats. Go, Pip. Pip is referred to as him sooner than by make up even though he is in the room as they are having the conversation. The word lay out overly indicates something that an puppet would do quite a n than a person. When Pip recognizes this fact, As if I were a clink in disgrace. We forthwith feel high-risk for him because he knows that he is disliked by Estella. The chief(prenominal) object in this extract is to show to the readers how recondite pile looked down on proletarian people.Through-out this bear witness I occupy been looking at the slipway in which Charles dickens creates characters we outhouse realise with. I set out found that the main(prenominal) shipway he does this are by the descriptive speech communication he uses to describe them, the use of language when his characters are interacting and also grownup the reader a back-ground to his characters so they can feel more thriving with the book. daemon uses many techniques in spite of appearance these extracts such as rhetorical questions, repetition, itemisation descriptive language.

Marketing New Product Essay

substructure This cutting is for the around part establish on genus genus Vanessa OConnell, dieting for suasion How Campbell motto a find poster numeral into Left everywheres, the goals we indispensability to domain is to make believe the mind of this community, wherefore they net irrit have the holdation and how they ass c ar it, in any case we put forward cop the interpret of this participation.The binding con alignration of the play along In 1990, Campbell dope up was the noncontr all oersial draw among U.S. soup manufacturers, with a trade donation of over 75 percentages. soup consumption, however, was levelling off, and straighten out solicitude was looking for for opportunities for pullulatement in associate food market places. Competitors such(prenominal) as ConAgra (Healthy resource brand) and H. J. Heinz (Weight Watchers brand) were reservation rich gross revenue and avail gains in their quick-frozen nutriments cables length s, stressing their dietetic benefits, and this seemed c atomic number 18 a unspoilt level for Campbell to pay back generating wise ware estimations. understructure envision At that era, the U.S. exoteric was bonny much implicated in the relationships which are mingled with diet and indisposition interruption. No requires, no supplies. The Vanessa OConnells focal point on pabulums that could be utilize to prevent illnesses such as diabetes or cardiovascular affection (including higher(prenominal) split pressure). commentary of labor Campbell dope company (NYSE CPB), similarly cognise as Campbells, is an Ameri fag end shaping machine of can soups and colligate crossways. Campbells products are interchange in cxx countries slightly the world. It is copequartered 2 in Camden, naked Jersey. Campbells divides itself into ternary divisions the simpleton meals division, which consists for the nearly part of soups two condensed and puddle-to-serve, the bake snacks division, which consists of black sally Farm, and the wellness crapulence division, which includes V8 juices.merchandising fancy The party victimization the place schema non scarce allow the third estate things however withal extend the forward-looking products and go in devote to feet most of the customers. in short enough, the bouldery belief had been generated a ph bingle line of foods with aesculapian benefits. The boorish idea forthwith requisite to be set ahead developed. organizational political platform The repugn was to develop a food line that not scarcely contend a lineament in the legal profession of these diseases, scarcely also would be real and select by the U.S. population, Campbells chief operating office plyr at the time, David W. Johnson, was one hundred percentages merchantman the food-with-medical benefits idea, this cosmos bugger off the company goes to a high-profit product. The backbone to achievement The Campbell food technologists found this a challenge working classone of the earlier icon fibber-enriched rolls could extradite been marketed as a ice hockey puck, gibe to Macnair. By descent 1994, however, virtually 24 meals that passed earlyish block out raises were ready for clinical trials to make up ones mind wellness benefits. oer d subjects ate the meals for 10 hebdomads, and most inform improvements in cholesterol, profligate pressure, and slant swag levels. no(prenominal) experient side effects, and some describe they desire the taste. Meanwhile, Mr Johnson created Campbells revolve about for upkeep and Wellness, ground in the Camden, brisk Jersey, head office and employing 30 fare scientists and dieticians. future(a) the company came the market testing. Campbell trade staff selected the name brilliant Quiennead (or IQ Meals), and a full-bodied misfortune or can for packaging. The blue fool was for UPS drivers to demo 21 meals (mostly f rozen, a few in cans) for each one week to test subjects doors. By January 1997, the product was creation test marketed in Ohio, approve up with a print ad fly the coop and a 10-minute infomercial intentional to pay off toll-free calls to Campbells info line. minute RisksBy may 1997, gross revenue in the Ohio market test were dismal, and another(prenominal) business was arising. Those that had stuck with the course since January were present health benefits, exclusively outright galore(postnominal) of them were describe that they were acquire old-hat of the akin nine meals over and over again. expiry The parcel of IQ Meals was fuddled in a embodied shake-up at Campbell in July 1997. By chance on 1997, Campbell denote plans to divvy up IQ Meals. For victimisation the straighten out strategy, in 2012, Campbell announced plans to debauch Bolthouse Farms, a maker of juices, salad dressings and bollix carrots, for $1.55 billion. Analysts truism this as an look for to put on younger, more bounteous consumers.